Relationship Among Tongue Pressures in Healthy, English Monolingual Children Aged Four Years in the United States

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Authors

Daugherty, Madeleine M. O.

Issue Date

2024

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Thesis

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Maximum Isometric Tongue Pressure (MIP) , Muscle Fiber Types , Normative Data , Pediatric Tongue Strength , Ratio , Tongue Pressure

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Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish male and female anterior and posterior normative maximum isometric tongue pressures and anterior and posterior tongue pressure ratios in four-year-olds. Tongue pressures were examined for sex differences. Methods: Researchers analyzed and compared anterior and posterior tongue pressures of 48 English monolingual, typically developing four-year-olds from preschools in Nevada and Washington State using the Iowa Oral Pressure Instrument. Results: Statistical analysis suggests an average anterior tongue pressure of 28.35kPa ( SD = 7.807) for females and 28.41kPa ( SD = 7.908) for males and an average posterior pressure of 26.65kPa ( SD = 8.23) for females and 27.75kPa ( SD = 6.988) for males. The calculated anterior-posterior pressure ratio was 1.02 for males and 1.06 for females. Conclusions: Results indicate that the pressure exerted by the tongue of a four-year-old is relatively the same from anterior to posterior, regardless of sex. Findings of anterior tongue pressure align with the limited existing data; however, posterior pressure in four-year-olds was not previously investigated. The ratios are the first established for anterior and posterior tongue pressure.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

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